A dental crown is a custom-made cap that fits over a tooth, restoring its shape, strength and appearance. If your dentist has recommended one, it helps to know why, what the options are and how the process works. This article is part of our guide to common dental treatments and covers crowns from the first appointment to long-term care.
What is a crown?
A crown covers the entire visible part of a tooth above the gumline. Unlike a filling, which repairs part of a tooth, a crown surrounds the whole tooth, holding it together and protecting it from further damage.
When might you need a crown?
- A tooth that has been weakened by a large cavity or a big filling (see dental fillings explained)
- A cracked or worn tooth, or a tooth at risk of breaking
- A tooth that has had root canal treatment, since these teeth can become brittle
- To hold a dental bridge in place, or to cover a dental implant
- To improve the shape or colour of a badly discoloured or misshapen tooth
Crown materials
Porcelain and ceramic
These can be matched closely to the colour of your natural teeth, which makes them a popular choice for front teeth. Some types are strong enough for back teeth too.
Zirconia
A strong ceramic material that is often used for back teeth or for people who clench or grind. Newer versions can also look natural.
Porcelain fused to metal
A metal base with a porcelain surface, offering strength and a tooth-like look. A thin dark line can sometimes appear near the gum over time.
Metal alloys, including gold
Very durable and kind to opposing teeth, with a long track record. They are metallic in colour, so they are mainly used on back teeth where appearance matters less.
Resin
Cheaper and often used as a temporary solution, but it wears faster and is more likely to fracture.
The best choice depends on the tooth’s position, how much of the tooth remains, your bite, appearance preferences and cost. Ask your dentist to explain the trade-offs.
What happens at each visit
Visit one: preparing the tooth
- The dentist numbs the tooth and the gum around it with local anaesthetic.
- The tooth is reshaped, removing a thin layer all around to make room for the crown. If it is badly decayed or broken, it may first be built up with filling material.
- An impression or digital scan of the tooth is taken, which is sent to a dental laboratory (or milled in the practice, if it offers same-day crowns).
- A temporary crown is fitted to protect the tooth while the permanent one is made.
Visit two: fitting the crown
- The temporary crown is removed and the permanent crown is tried in.
- The dentist checks the fit, colour and bite, and makes adjustments if needed.
- The crown is cemented permanently into place.
Some practices can design and make a crown on the same day using digital technology. Ask whether this is available and whether it suits your tooth.
Caring for a temporary crown
- Avoid sticky or hard foods, which can pull the crown off.
- Chew on the opposite side where you can.
- Floss carefully by sliding the floss out sideways instead of pulling it up.
- If the crown comes off, keep it safe and contact your dentist.
Caring for your permanent crown
A crown cannot decay, but the tooth underneath, and the join where the crown meets the tooth, still can. Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and clean between your teeth daily, paying attention to the gumline around the crown. Our guides to brushing and flossing explain how. Avoid biting very hard objects such as ice, pen tops or fingernails, and tell your dentist if you grind your teeth, since a night guard may protect your crown.
Possible problems
- Sensitivity: some sensitivity to hot or cold after the crown is fitted is common and usually settles. Tell your dentist if it persists.
- Bite feels wrong: if your bite feels high or uneven, a quick adjustment can fix it.
- Chipping or loosening: crowns can chip, wear or come loose. See your dentist promptly if this happens.
- Gum irritation: poor cleaning around the crown can inflame gums. Good home care helps prevent this.
How long does a crown last?
A well-made crown can last many years, often a decade or more, though there is no guarantee. Lifespan depends on the material, the health of the underlying tooth and gums, your bite and your habits. Regular check-ups let your dentist spot wear or decay early.
Are there alternatives?
Depending on the tooth, your dentist may suggest a large filling, an onlay or inlay, or, for front teeth, a veneer. For teeth that cannot be saved, removal and replacement may be considered. Ask which options suit your situation, and what happens if you delay.
If you have a general question about crowns, you can contact us. For advice about your own teeth, speak to your dentist.
Sources
- NHS, Dental treatments
- US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Dental fillings
- US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Tooth decay
