A filling is one of the most common dental treatments, and for most people it is a quick, routine visit. Understanding what a filling is, which materials are used and what to expect can take the worry out of it. This article is part of our guide to common dental treatments and explains dental fillings from start to finish.
What is a filling?
A filling repairs a tooth that has been damaged by decay (a cavity) or by a small crack or chip. The dentist removes the damaged part of the tooth and fills the space with a durable material, which restores the tooth’s shape and function and seals it against further decay.
Why you might need one
Decay happens when plaque bacteria turn sugars into acids that dissolve tooth enamel. At first, enamel can sometimes repair itself with the help of fluoride, but once a hole forms it cannot regrow. Signs that you might have a cavity include a toothache, sensitivity to hot, cold or sweet things, a visible hole or dark spot, or food that keeps catching in one place. Many cavities cause no symptoms early on, which is why regular check-ups and X-rays matter. You can lower your risk with the habits in our daily oral hygiene guide.
Types of filling materials
Composite resin
Tooth-coloured filling material made from plastic and glass particles. It bonds to the tooth, can be matched to the shade of your teeth, and is commonly used for front and back teeth. It can wear or stain over time and may need replacing sooner in large cavities or heavy-biting areas.
Amalgam
A silver-coloured mixture of metals that has been used for many decades. It is strong and durable, and it is often used for back teeth. It is more noticeable than composite. Dental authorities generally consider amalgam safe for most people, though some countries and guidance suggest limiting its use in certain groups, so ask your dentist if you have concerns.
Glass ionomer
A tooth-coloured material that releases small amounts of fluoride. It is often used for small cavities, near the gumline, or in children’s teeth. It is generally less hard-wearing than composite or amalgam.
Ceramic and gold
Made in a laboratory or by a milling machine, these are usually used as inlays or onlays for larger repairs. They are very durable but typically cost more and may need more than one visit.
No single material is best for every tooth. Your dentist will recommend one based on the size and position of the cavity, your bite, appearance and cost.
What happens during the procedure
- Numbing. The dentist usually applies local anaesthetic so that the area is numb. You should feel pressure, but not pain.
- Removing decay. Using a small drill or other instruments, the dentist removes the decayed or damaged part of the tooth.
- Cleaning. The cavity is cleaned and prepared to receive the filling.
- Placing the filling. Composite is placed in layers and hardened with a special light. Other materials are packed or fixed in place.
- Shaping and checking. The dentist shapes and polishes the filling and checks your bite by asking you to close your teeth together.
A typical filling takes under an hour, though bigger repairs may take longer.
Aftercare
- Take care while numb. Avoid chewing until the numbness wears off, so you do not bite your cheek or tongue. Avoid very hot drinks until normal feeling returns.
- Expect some sensitivity. Mild sensitivity to hot, cold or biting for a few days or a couple of weeks is common.
- Keep cleaning. Brush gently twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and clean between your teeth. Use the techniques in how to brush your teeth properly.
- Ask about your bite. If the filling feels high or your bite feels uneven, tell your dentist, since a small adjustment is quick and fixes it.
When to call your dentist
Contact your dentist if pain is severe or getting worse, if sensitivity does not settle after a few weeks, if the filling cracks or falls out, or if you notice swelling or a bad taste. These can be signs the filling needs adjusting or the tooth needs further treatment.
How long do fillings last?
There is no fixed lifespan. Longevity depends on the material, the size of the filling, where it is, your bite, whether you grind your teeth, and how well you look after your teeth. Fillings can last many years, but they can wear, crack or leak, and decay can form around the edges. Regular check-ups let your dentist spot problems early. A tooth with a very large filling may need a crown for extra protection.
Preventing more fillings
Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, clean between your teeth daily, limit how often you have sugary snacks and drinks, and attend check-ups. Ask your dentist whether fluoride varnish or fissure sealants might help protect your teeth.
Have a question about fillings? Your dentist is the best person to advise on your teeth, and you can also contact us with a general question.
Sources
- US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Dental fillings
- US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Tooth decay
- NHS, Dental treatments
